《自然》（20250123出版）一周论文导读

天文学Astronomy

▲ 作者：C. M. Liu, B. N. Zhao, J. B. Cao, C. J. Pollock, C. T. Russell, Y. Y. Liu, et al.

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08402-z

▲ 摘要：

合声波是太空中自然发生的最强电磁辐射之一，可能产生对人类和卫星有害的辐射。尽管合声波已引起了人们极大的兴趣，并被深入研究了几十年，但其产生和演变仍存在高度争议。

与合声波由行星偶极磁场控制的传统预期相反，研究组在不存在磁偶极影响的地球中性片区域中观测到重复升调合声波。利用美国航空航天局（NASA）MMS任务的高节奏数据，研究组展示了波场和波内三维电子分布的超快测量，这为波相空间中合声波电子相互作用和电子空穴的发展提供了证据。他们发现这些波与反平行于波磁场的共振电流有关，正如非线性波理论所预测的那样。

研究组估计了合声波内部的非线性场-粒子能量传递，发现波从局部热电子中提取能量，这与由不稳定性分析得出的波的正增长率保持一致。该观测可能有助于解决长期以来关于合声波发射的争议，并有助于理解在空间和天体物理环境中观测到的能量传输。

▲ Abstract：

Chorus waves are some of the strongest electromagnetic emissions naturally occurring in space and can cause radiation that is hazardous to humans and satellites. Although chorus waves have attracted extreme interest and been intensively studied for decades, their generation and evolution remain highly debated. Here, in contrast to the conventional expectation that chorus waves are governed by planetary magnetic dipolar fields, we report observations of repetitive, rising-tone chorus waves in the terrestrial neutral sheet, where the effects of the magnetic dipole are absent. Using high-cadence data from NASA’s MMS mission, we present ultrafast measurements of the wave fields and three-dimensional electron distributions within the waves, which provides evidence for chorus–electron interactions and the development of electron holes in the wave phase space. We found that the waves are associated with resonant currents antiparallel to the wave magnetic field, as predicted by nonlinear wave theory. We estimated the nonlinear field–particle energy transfer inside the waves, finding that the waves extract energy from local thermal electrons, in line with the positive growth rate of the waves derived from an instability analysis. Our observations may help to resolve long-standing controversies regarding chorus emissions and in gaining an understanding of the energy transport observed in space and astrophysical environments.

材料科学Materials Science

▲ 作者：Yiyu Xia, Zhongdong Han, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Jie Shan & Kin Fai Mak

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08116-2

▲ 摘要：

莫尔材料已实现了平电子带以及由与平带相关的强关联驱动的量子相。人们仅在石墨烯纳米材料中观察到超导性，在石墨烯之外的莫尔材料（如半导体莫尔材料）中尚未发现稳健的超导性，这仍是一个谜，并挑战了人们目前对平带超导性的理解。

研究组报道了在具有六方莫尔晶格的3.5°和3.65°扭曲双层二硒化钨（WSe2）中观察到的稳健超导性。在半带填充和零外部位移场附近出现超导性。两种情况下的最佳超导转变温度约为200mK，约占有效费米温度的1~2%；后者的值与高温铜酸盐超导体的值相当，并表明存在强配对。

超导体在半带填充物上下与两种不同的金属相邻；通过调节外部位移场，可使其连续跃迁至相关绝缘子。在库仑诱导的电荷局域化边缘观察到超导性，表明其根源在于强电子关联。

▲ Abstract：

Moiré materials have enabled the realization of flat electron bands and quantum phases that are driven by the strong correlations associated with flat bands. Superconductivity has been observed, but only in graphene moiré materials. The absence of robust superconductivity in moiré materials beyond graphene, such as semiconductor moiré materials, has remained a mystery and challenged our current understanding of superconductivity in flat bands. Here we report the observation of robust superconductivity in both 3.5° and 3.65° twisted bilayer tungsten diselenide (WSe2), which hosts a hexagonal moiré lattice. Superconductivity emerges near half-band filling and zero external displacement fields. The optimal superconducting transition temperature is about 200?mK in both cases and constitutes about 1–2% of the effective Fermi temperature; the latter is comparable to the value in high-temperature cuprate superconductors and suggests strong pairing. The superconductor borders on two distinct metals below and above half-band filling; it undergoes a continuous transition to a correlated insulator by tuning the external displacement field. The observed superconductivity on the verge of Coulomb-induced charge localization suggests roots in strong electron correlations.

▲ 作者：Huimin Song, Konrad Münch, Xu Liu, Kaier Shen, Ruizhuo Zhang, Timo Weintraut, et al.

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08298-9

▲ 摘要：

全固态锂硫电池（ASSLSB）具有高比能、高安全性和低成本的优点，是下一代储能的理想选择。然而，因三相边界处缓慢的固-固硫氧化还原反应（SSSRR）导致的速率性能差和循环寿命短的问题仍有待解决。

研究组展示了一种由硫代磷酸碘化锂（LBPSI）玻璃相固体电解质（GSEs）实现的快速SSSRR。基于I⁻和I₂/I₃⁻之间的可逆氧化还原，固体电解质（SE）不仅作为超离子导体，还可作为表面氧化还原介质，促进了固-固两相边界处的缓慢反应，从而大大增加了活性位点的密度。

通过这种机制，ASSLSB表现出超快充电能力，在2C（30°C）充电时显示出1497 mAh g⁻¹_硫的高比容量，而在20C时仍保持784 mAh g⁻¹_硫。值得注意的是，在60°C下以150 C的极限速率充电时，仍可实现432 mAh g⁻¹_硫的比容量。

此外，该电池在5C（25°C）下具有超过25000次循环的优异循环稳定性，容量保持率为80.2%。研究组希冀这项氧化还原介导SSSRR的工作将为开发高能量且安全的先进ASSLSBs铺平道路。

▲ Abstract：

With promises for high specific energy, high safety and low cost, the all-solid-state lithium–sulfur battery (ASSLSB) is ideal for next-generation energy storage. However, the poor rate performance and short cycle life caused by the sluggish solid–solid sulfur redox reaction (SSSRR) at the three-phase boundaries remain to be solved. Here we demonstrate a fast SSSRR enabled by lithium thioborophosphate iodide (LBPSI) glass-phase solid electrolytes (GSEs). On the basis of the reversible redox between I⁻ andI₂/I₃⁻, the solid electrolyte (SE)—as well as serving as a superionic conductor—functions as a surficial redox mediator that facilitates the sluggish reactions at the solid–solid two-phase boundaries, thereby substantially increasing the density of active sites. Through this mechanism, the ASSLSB exhibits ultrafast charging capability, showing a high specific capacity of 1,497 mAhg−1sulfur on charging at 2C (30°C), while still maintaining 784mAh g−1sulfur at 20C. Notably, a specific capacity of 432 mAh g−1sulfur is achieved on charging at an extreme rate of 150C at 60°C. Furthermore, the cell demonstrates superior cycling stability over 25,000 cycles with 80.2% capacity retention at 5C (25°C). We expect that our work on redox-mediated SSSRR will pave the way for developing advanced ASSLSBs that are high energy and safe.

化学Chemistry

▲ 作者：M. A. Niyas, Kazutaka Shoyama, Matthias Grüne & Frank Würthner

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08299-8

▲ 摘要：

石墨烯是一种单层sp²杂化碳同素异形体，它对除氢以外的所有原子实体都不可渗透。缺陷的引入允许选择性气体渗透；人们已努力控制这些缺陷的大小以获得更高的选择性。离子等除气体以外其他实体的渗透，因其在海水淡化、检测和净化方面的潜在应用而具有重大科学意义。然而，到目前为止，对卤化物渗透的精确实验观察仍然未知。

研究组展示了卤化物通过分子纳米石墨烯中单个苯环大小的缺陷进行渗透。利用超分子自组装原理，他们创造了一个稳定的纳米石墨烯双分子层。由于双层纳米石墨烯的空腔只能通过两个埃大小的窗口进入，任何被捕获在空腔中的卤化物都必须通过单个苯环孔渗透。该实验揭示了氟化物、氯化物和溴化物通过单个苯环孔的渗透性，而碘化物是不可渗透的。

单层纳米石墨烯中氯化物的高渗透性和双层纳米石墨烯中选择性结合卤化物的证据，为将石墨烯中的单个苯环缺陷用于人工卤化物受体、过滤膜以及进一步创建多层人工氯化物通道提供了潜力。

▲ Abstract：

Graphene is a single-layered sp²-hybridized carbon allotrope, which is impermeable to all atomic entities other than hydrogen. The introduction of defects allows selective gas permeation; efforts have been made to control the size of these defects for higher selectivity. Permeation of entities other than gases, such as ions, is of fundamental scientific interest because of its potential application in desalination, detection and purification. However, a precise experimental observation of halide permeation has so far remained unknown. Here we show halide permeation through a single benzene-sized defect in a molecular nanographene. Using supramolecular principles of self-aggregation, we created a stable bilayer of the nanographene. As the cavity in the bilayer nanographene could be accessed only by two angstrom-sized windows, any halide that gets trapped inside the cavity has to permeate through the single benzene hole. Our experiments reveal the permeability of fluoride, chloride and bromide through a single benzene hole, whereas iodide is impermeable. Evidence for high permeation of chloride across single-layer nanographene and selective halide binding in a bilayer nanographene provides promise for the use of single benzene defects in graphene for artificial halide receptors, as filtration membranes and further to create multilayer artificial chloride channels.

▲ 作者：Lewis R. B. Picard, Annie J. Park, Gabriel E. Patenotte, Samuel Gebretsadkan, David Wellnitz, Ana Maria Rey, et al.

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08177-3

▲ 摘要：

量子计算和量子模拟依赖于具有可控交互的长寿命量子位。人们提出捕获极性分子可作为一种有前景的量子计算平台，具有可扩展性和单粒子寻址能力，同时仍可利用其固有复杂性和强耦合性。

单量子态制备和单个捕获分子的超精细旋转态相干性的最新进展使这种量子位颇具前景，分子间偶极相互作用产生纠缠。然而，通用的双量子位门尚未在分子中得到证实。

研究组通过本征分子资源，利用单独捕获的X¹Σ⁺ NaCs分子来实现双量子位iSWAP门。通过将分子在1.9 μm的距离上交互664 μs，在两个分子同时存在的情况下创建了保真度为94（3）%的最大纠缠贝尔态。利用运动-旋转耦合，沿轴向捕获方向测量了最低运动态的残余激发，并发现其是退相干的主要来源。

最后，研究组在编码量子位的基态旋转能级内确定了两个非交互的超精细态。通过在交互和非交互状态之间转换来切换交互，以实现iSWAP门。研究组通过测量其逻辑真值表来验证门的性能。

▲ Abstract：

Quantum computation and simulation rely on long-lived qubits with controllable interactions. Trapped polar molecules have been proposed as a promising quantum computing platform, offering scalability and single-particle addressability while still leveraging inherent complexity and strong couplings of molecules. Recent progress in the single quantum state preparation and coherence of the hyperfine-rotational states of individually trapped molecules allows them to serve as promising qubits, with intermolecular dipolar interactions creating entanglement. However, universal two-qubit gates have not been demonstrated with molecules. Here we harness intrinsic molecular resources to implement a two-qubit iSWAP gate using individually trapped X1Σ+ NaCs molecules. By allowing the molecules to interact for 664?μs at a distance of 1.9?μm, we create a maximally entangled Bell state with a fidelity of 94(3)% in trials in which both molecules are present. Using motion–rotation coupling, we measure residual excitation of the lowest few motional states along the axial trapping direction and find them to be the primary source of decoherence. Finally, we identify two non-interacting hyperfine states within the ground rotational level in which we encode a qubit. The interaction is toggled by transferring between interacting and non-interacting states to realize an iSWAP gate. We verify the gate performance by measuring its logical truth table.

地球科学Earth Science

▲ 作者：Lei Liu, Yi Huang & John R. Gyakum

▲ 链接：

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08323-x

▲ 摘要：

云层极大地影响着地球的能量平衡。观测约束云辐射反馈是一种明显不确定的气候反馈机制，对改进气候变化的预测至关重要，但迄今为止，这仍是一个难以捉摸的目标，且海洋和陆地上的反馈可能不同。

研究组展示了大平原南部陆地上的局部负地表长波云反馈，受到光谱分辨下行长波辐射的直接长期观测的约束。这种在大平原南部地区的负云反馈导致下行长波辐射每10年减少1.77±1.15 W m−2，这表明云的变化可能部分调节了陆地上温室气体浓度增加和大气温度升高的变暖效应。具体而言，该结果源于一种最佳的光谱指纹识别方法，旨在通过利用光谱分辨辐射长期记录中的独特光谱特征，将表面长波云反馈与其他地表强迫和反馈分离开来。

此外，研究组还表明，该结果并非特定于站点：在再分析和卫星数据集中，通常在陆地上观察到由变暖气候下低云覆盖减少引起的负地表长波云反馈。该发现建立了验证陆地气候模型性能所需的辐射强迫和反馈的关键观测基准。

▲ Abstract：

Clouds greatly influence the Earth’s energy balance. Observationally constraining cloud radiative feedback, a notably uncertain climate feedback mechanism, is crucial for improving predictions of climate change but, so far, remains an elusive objective, and the feedback may be different over the ocean versus over land. Here we show a local negative surface longwave cloud feedback over land at the southern Great Plains site, constrained by direct long-term observation of spectrally resolved downwelling longwave radiance. This negative cloud feedback at the southern Great Plains site causes a 1.77 ± 1.15 W m−2per decade change in downwelling longwave radiation and suggests that cloud changes may partially modulate the warming effect of increased greenhouse gas concentrations and atmospheric temperatures over land. Specifically, our results are derived from an optimal spectral fingerprinting method designed to separate surface longwave cloud feedback from other surface forcings and feedbacks, by making use of their unique spectral signatures in the long-term record of spectrally resolved radiances. Furthermore, we show that the results are not site specific: negative surface longwave cloud feedbacks, primarily induced by decreasing low cloud cover in warming climates, are commonly observed over land in reanalysis and satellite datasets. Our findings establish a pivotal observational benchmark of radiative forcing and feedback needed for validating climate model performance over land.